Australian initial public offers Free Essays

Australia has been portrayed by a differing pattern in its underlying open contributions between the years 2003-2007.â â There has been proceeded with beginning under-valuing in the every day capital market and high under execution of the underlying open offers. Extensively, Australian IPO’s have incredibly been impacted by the administration exercises with its aim to advance open arrangement. We will compose a custom article test on Australian beginning open offers or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now For the duration of the time, the administration has been in severe control of the IPO’s in an endeavor smooth out the monetary exercises. Australia has gone under quick changes in the IPO’s of organizations which were at first possessed by the state. Throughout the years since 2003 the legislature has rebuilt the IPO’s to center an increasingly financial development. In almost all the cases, firms claimed by the legislature have been wasteful in examination with those of the private segment. (Prasad, Vozikis) Since 2003, Australia has been confronted with the issue of under evaluating, which has been utilizing the two-layered valuing framework permitting, retail financial specialist to just address a set fixed cost as they leave speculators from different establishments to shape the cost through offering. This is an endeavor to permit little estimated financial specialists with changed venture wasteful aspects to get an opportunity of a likely interest in the capital. Throughout the years, since 2003, little retail financial specialists are let to have their IPO request first before the greater institutional speculators. For both of people in general and state organizations, IPO’s have for the most part being under estimated. There two fundamental explanations for this, dominant part been advertise asymmetry and any conceivable government guideline to achieve political interests. The changeability of the under estimating is exceptionally controlled by the size of the issue, in which case high issues may suggest lower under evaluating explanations due conceivable lower paces of membership.  (Suchard, Woo, 2003) However, to the legislature, under evaluating of IPO’s is a methodology intended for guaranteed increment in the incentive to the increases from offer.â The IPO’s under valuing are organized towards accomplishing different monetary approaches. For each IPO, the local financial specialists are generally preferred than private speculators. This is a quality that the administration uses to limit the money surge by the remote speculators. This is through the acknowledgment appended to the capital outpourings from economies. Through under estimating, financial specialists are typically ready to purchase numerous offers which thusly give generally exceptional yields after the offer significant yields. Market asymmetry is the significant explanation for under valuing of IPO’s, where speculators with huge venture plans are increasingly educated about the market data to the new piece of the overall industry issue than little minimized financial specialists. To provide food for this, the administration guideline is to guarantee that these minimized financial specialists are given the first favor.â In the acquisition of the offers, gigantic speculator would truly get them in mass structure at their under value circumstance. To the little speculators, they will consistently profit by getting the new offers at an alluring possibility. (O’Flynn, 2004)â Other venture elements like financiers might be in dread of conceivable prosecution that might be joined by noteworthy decay of the legislature to created believability in polices concerning market orientations.â Therefore, under estimating is a quiet endeavor by the administration to control the predominant status of the economy through changes in the capital markets. From the way wherein the IPO’s are discharged, they really help to defend the feeble and less created financial specialist from the movement of huge speculators who are very much educated about the market framework. Fundamentally, timing of IPO’s Australia is typically planned when the administration needs to discharge a portion of its possession it has in its open claimed companies.â Its essential expectation is to make salary to back various government structures.â Either, IPO’s by the exclusive organizations is done when the organizations need to obtain pay from the general population for additional development of its activities.â For the two cases, starting open offers have indicated nearly a similar trademark in their under valuing qualities. (Gharghori, Chen, Robert, 2006) In its utilization of two-layered valuing framework, the administration assists with keeping the low educated financial specialists from any misuse from the huge markets. The subject of money has struck the exercises of numerous researcher who have been widely been under the investigation of the impact of corporate account and any market hinders that influence sourcing of this fund by various estimated wages in the venture idea by firms. It has been seen that, this idea is dictated by the liquidity estimation of these structures in Australia. Such liquidity is essentially dictated by various firm’s setting that relates their money flows.â Investment relies upon this proportion, where firms subject to a high liquidity a confronted with higher speculation than those with low liquidities whose venture is moderately low. (Prasad, Vozikis, Ariff, 2006) Nonetheless, under estimating in Australia has been a vote to the subject of asymmetry and potential flaws that exists in the market framework. On understanding the rigidities that exists in the market framework, the Australian government has embraced to guarantee under evaluating to safe gatekeeper the enthusiasm of the low financial specialist in the comprehension of the market structures that work for the large speculators. (O’Flynn, 2005) Along these lines, for the Australian government, it’s levelheaded to embrace such action since it fundamentally drives capital advancement for the low salary speculators. Reference Suchard, J Woo, L (2003) Are Hot Markets Driven by Hot Resource Shares or  Hot Commodities? Australian Journal of Management, Vol. 28 Prasad, D, Vozikis, G Ariff, M (2006) Government Public Policy, Regulatory Intervention and Their Impact on IPO Under estimating. Diary of independent company Management, Vol. 44 O’Flynn, J (2004) Australian Capital Territory: January to June 2004. The Australianâ Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 50 The most effective method to refer to Australian starting open offers, Papers

Dehydration for Hydration and Cognitive Function -myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theDehydration for Hydration and Cognitive Function. Answer: Drying out is the term where there is overabundance loss of water which in turns builds the osmolality of serum. When there is increment in serum osmolality then there is increment in serum sodium level (Copstead Banasik, 2013). The most danger of turning out to be got dried out when unwell are newborn children and youngsters. The human water and liquid equalization is so convoluting. Kids are at high hazard for getting dried out than grown-ups because of their higher surface-to-mass proportion (D'Anci, K., E., Constant, F., Rosenberg, I. H. 2006). There are a few reasons which can assist with realizing that youngsters are at high hazard for lack of hydration than grown-ups. Grown-ups drinks part of water and in light of the fact that they have more prominent surface-to-mass proportion which brings about high convergence of water misfortune from the body however kids are not drinking a lot of water which makes lack of hydration and leads passing. The demise rate because of diarrheal illnesses in youngsters in creating nations are high (D'Anci et al. 2006). Reference: D'Anci, K.,E., Constant, F., Rosenberg, I. H. (2006). Hydration and intellectual capacity in children.Nutrition Reviews,64(10), 457-64. Recovered from https://ezproxy.eit.ac.nz/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/212322342?accountid=39646 Copstead, L.C., Banasik, J.L. (2013).Pathophysiology(5th ed.). St.Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders.

Labour Law Group Project ( ADCO ) + WorkSheet + Case Study Assignment

Work Law Group Project ( ADCO ) + WorkSheet + Case Study - Assignment Example ployment contract with no ‘Probation Period’ yet 30 days yearly leave, month to month compensation of aed 35,000 Free Accommodation and Annual Tickets for Bob, his significant other and 2 children. Above all else, ASCONCO must arrangement with the migration specialists and guarantee that they secure a legitimate license for Bob to remain and work in the UAE. From that point forward, the agreement should be recorded as a hard copy and it must show the initiation date of Bob’s work and end date, which will be 3 years from the present time frame. The wages payable, which is AED 35,000 and different advantages including settlement and ticket must be expressed on the essence of the agreement. The idea of agreement, which is a fixed agreement must be revealed. This will likewise incorporate the idea of work to be completed by Bob, the length and area of business. This ought to be marked by Bob and a delegate of ASCONCO, which could be Abulaziz or an individual in an adequately high position and held up with the work office at the Ministry. They could round out a standard structure which will be in English or Arabic which is accessible at the Ministry. Be that as it may, in the event that they draft their own understanding which has terms they have endorsed, (1) the terms must not be in opposition to UAE laws, especially the Labor Law and it must be in Arabic just before being recorded at the work office. When this is done, the agreement among ASCONCO and Bob is substantial. Abulaziz won't have to make a migration application for the sake of ASCONCO for Bob. He will likewise not have to expressly state the business contract. This implies he can orally disclose to Noura that she is recruited and there will be a substantial business contract. As far as enforceability, types of business that are not composed should be in a structure that can be demonstrated. In this manner, Noura should show proof of her business and all the significant highlights including compensation and different terms of the work. Nonetheless, the key distinction is that it could be unwritten while Bob’s contract

Importance Of Conservation And Preservation In Malaysia Tourism Essay Essay Example

Significance Of Conservation And Preservation In Malaysia Tourism Essay Example Significance Of Conservation And Preservation In Malaysia Tourism Essay Significance Of Conservation And Preservation In Malaysia Tourism Essay Presentation Preservation and natural insurance are extremely of import in Malaysia. Condition adjustment and keeping to ensure that Malaysia make insurance nation for zoology and vegetations, for example, constitution of national Parkss. It is on the grounds that contribution from natures assets are of import to financial. While ecological quality on the different manus is profitable in addition to for society. Tropical natures are one of the of import advantages for the travel industry segment of a state. As a state with equator clime, Malaysia has alone natures and island push. As of late, Malaysia began move frontward to go a created state. Arranged parts which become work hypothetical record all together being developed plans for delineation mechanical area, agribusiness and touristry. Through touristry area, Malaysia have presented some common topographic point which become point of convergence point for tourer as their preoccupation topographic point for the purpose to slaughter their clasp and for satisfying exercises for delineation at national park, woodland unobtrusiveness and islands. Along these lines, Malaysia manage the cost of make touristry area as a significant start of profits if the natures excellence can be ever kept up. At a similar clasp, touristry industry has improvement and turning unmistakably show that Malaysia has alone fascination. Other than that, multi racial individuals with various social stay harmony in one state do Malaysia go all the more alone and more pull in outside tourer coming to and this is a start of overall gain for the state. In this manner social assorted variety and humanistic orders is cardinal determiner in draw in tourers. Table 1.1: Number of appearance orchestrating to nationality Sarawak Year Nationality 2004 2005 Malaya 2,092,704 2,248,829 Singapore 40,329 42,912 Australia and New Zealand 30,403 28,066 Canada 11,310 9.062 Hong Kong 1,100 593 India 12,924 12,426 Joined Kingdom and Ireland 44,267 42,136 Brunei 1,280,135 1,354,148 America 10,973 11,207 China 11,768 11,207 West Europe 19,268 18,729 East Europe 992 1,355 Filipina 104,341 101,521 Dutch east non mainstream players 379,477 449,327 Japan 10,245 9,142 Taiwan 8,283 7,472 Siam 17,189 17,994 Others 258,183 198,704 Whole 4,333,891 4,577,489 ( Beginning: Immigration Department, Sarawak ) Table 1.2: Number of appearance orchestrating to region Sarawak Tahun State 2004 2005 Kuching 779,135 859,320 Sibu 127,454 166,018 Abor 311,445 332,669 Bintulu 41,032 73,167 Limbang 243,762 238,465 Whole 4,333,891 1,669,639 ( Beginning: Immigration Department, Sarawak ) Aside from that, base establishments is one of the factor of tourer coming to. It is on the grounds that tourers will require solace and look for relief when visit to a state. For representation, numerous tourers who go to the Malaysia is to relax picturesque excellence of the natures and the extraordinary of social assorted variety. So the agreeable of change, for example, inn, chalet, etc as a factor to pull visitor coming to. Convenience establishment dramatization of import work cause this will be a factor to discover whether tourer will stay long or something else. Sarawak is the greatest territory in Malaysia which celebrated with rich of arranged social gatherings of human advancement and wealthy in history and legacy what's more known as Land of Hornbills. Sarawak non simply the biggest region in Malaysia, it other than was the region that gap to a bunch nation and contain longest stream in Malaysia, biggest bloom known to man, biggest moth known to man, enlarge collapse the universe, most established tropical downpour woods and the principal individual develop in Southeast Asian accessible in Sarawak. This had show that Sarawak is separated from everyone else and commonplace. Preoccupation topographic point in Sarawak comprise of characteristic position nation and social focuses, for example, Sarawak Cultural Village. Sarawak Cultural Village well known with regular excellence among nearby and oversea tourers. The rich of nature, organic and convention in Sarawak Cultural Village genuinely bewildering. Thusly, endeavors was being improved towards safeguard environment decent variety, organic and custom in Cultural Village. It is on the grounds that social decent variety and convention of the neighborhood individuals ready to pull a bunch of tourers visit to this place where there is hornbills. Sarawak region so rich with arranged sort of human advancement and social, for example, Malay move, Chinese and others ethnic in Sarawak which ready to engage tourer especially those tourer that like to see network life in Sarawak. Since social modest community began detached to see, so in a roundabout way exist mischief and contamination danger to the natures and excellence scene. In this way, social humble community must be safeguard beautiful magnificence and customary house from compromised by homo. Sarawak Cultural Village Background Sarawak Cultural Village situated at Damai Beach Santubong and about 35km from the territory capital Kuching town and named as life historical center in Sarawak. Sarawak Cultural Village other than become a completion must be visited for the individuals who first measure to Land of Hornbills. This life gallery authoritatively opened since February 1990. This life gallery comprises seven hectares wide and around 150 individuals populating in the modest community which incorporate seven social gathering viz. Bidayuh, Iban, Orang Ulu, Penan, Melanau, Malay and Chinese. Furthermore, every ethnic have their ain way of life and conventional civic establishments for delineation the building of each social is unique, longhouse of the Iban, Bidayuh and Orang Ulu, Melanau live at tall house while Chinese is ranch house. Aside from that, the door expenses to Sarawak Cultural Village appear as Table 1.3. Table 1.3: Entrance Fees Extra charges Class Sarawak resident Not Sarawak Citizen Grown-up RM25 RM60 Kids ( between 6-12 old enough ) RM18 RM30 Understudy RM15 RM15 ( Beginning: Sarawak Cultural Village ) Figure1.1: Sarawak Cultural Village Location ( Sumber: Malaxi Damai Beach ) Social Bidayuh known as Dayak Darat accomplish 8.4 per centums out of whole populace in Sarawak. Greater part social Bidayug remain in long house that found close by slope of mountain furthermore close by stream. Their home are produced using board and bamboo with sago thenar rooftop. Visitors can relax long house way of life when visit to this topographic point. Iban tribesman known as Laut Dayak which their long house develop developed with large life room and a few bed room. This social a large portion of import accumulated riches boldness. Each officer ready to execute foe, will obtain handle as warrior and welcomed with use moves. Subsequently, Penan way of life is wanderer way implies that disgrace remain in a topographic point with long clasp. In this way, their residence size other than rather minimal size. Aside from that, Orang Ulu like to build house dissipated in upland and stream bank. While Melanau house is the most alone among other Sarawak ethnic, it is on the grounds that their home is develop 40 pess tall from land, boss purpose is to thwart attack by foe and immersion. At a similar clasp, neighborhood social move open introduction including Ngajat Lesong and Ngajat Pahlawan, social melodic open introduction appear in Theater Sarawak Cultural Village start from 11.30 oclock in the forenoon to 4.00 oclock toward the evening, and each open introduction take 45 proceedingss long. Figure 1.2: Entire populace with social Sarawak 2005 ( Beginning: Jabatan Penduduk dan Perumahan Malaysia ) 1.3 The Important of Conservation and Preservation characteristic asset and social in Malaya Traveler industry relies very upon regular assets and social decent variety which has strength to progress and pull tourer coming to. Natures is one or more that used to pull tourers appearance to see excellence and feel new understanding. Mindfulness on the of import of safeguard natures in arranged degree ( specialists area, private part and society ) for constitution of a few ensured nation. Build up Sarawak Cultural Village is one of the assault that used to do certain the topographic point that rich of biology assorted variety, organic and social legacy saved and protect for future coevals cause by cut base on balls. Since Sarawak Cultural Village detached visit to vacationer in twelvemonth 1990, social modest community record around 70,000 individuals visit for every twelvemonth. Voyagers get advantage while visit to social unassuming community including position natures beautiful, social legacy and handcraft and do grouped preoccupation exercises and each piece great as research and securing other than. So their entrance skilled expansion financial developing what's more Kuching capital improvement from the arrival of the social unassuming community. By implication, social humble community set up financial opportunities to society, for example, occupation possibility, pay degree and others Fieldss. At a similar clasp, touristry developing in Sarawak because of follow up on advancement at that nation. Along these lines society close by can relax high caliber of foundation and establishments. 1.4 Problem Statement General realize that the magnificence of common beautiful and rich of arranged convention social dramatization distinctive of import capacity and guide. Preservation and keeping social unassuming community idea need improvement yet it includes significant expense. Accordingly, business visionary social modest community implement a passage installment rate around RM60 for adult non Sarawak resident for the safeguarding and keeping purpose. Blending to approach shapers especially specialists, whatever assurance on asset use require data related expense and advantage. For representation, conservation and keeping endeavor, specialists require data about expense and advantage to do an assurance whether executable or non. Thus, the issue is the advantage an incentive from conservation and keeping could non be esteemed in money signifier.

An Homage Of Pina Bausch

ï » ¿ Audit: Pina This praise of Pina Bausch was a really alluring scene. Wim Wenders gathered a durable tribute to the life and work of this staggering choreographer, displaying a few surprising exhibitions. Pina exemplified how move is viewed as an extraordinary presentation craftsmanship, and her inheritance is very much spoken to in this narrative. While viewing the exhibitions, one of the most powerful parts of the creation was the combination of music and development. It added to the general state of mind and assumed a colossal job in molding the audience’s origination of the general piece. I especially delighted in the troupe of artists and music in The Rite of Spring. In this move, the music fortified the boring, exhausted, and upset people. Each gathering, made out of guys and females, moved to its own beat until the gatherings would join and move as one. This move showed Pina’s unadulterated imagination and virtuoso. The most testing part of the piece for me, must be the aim an d significance behind the city moves. The move was wonderful in the light of the foundation of everyday city, except the artist evoked a sentiment of self-expostulating discontent. Her pieces of clothing, feelings, and genuineness shouted of absolute hopelessness. The main way I trust I could depict the move is call the presentation, a urban calamity. Not to fight that the presentation was turbulent, yet to recommend the peculiarity of the juxtaposition of the foundation and subject. In particular, the move on the train vehicle didn't bode well; cardboard ears, covered appearances, and mechanical shrieks became extremely perplexing and out and out befuddling. I feel that these exhibitions offer an announcement about the excellence of movement and development that can be knowledgeable about a setting, yet it was hard to follow. In the event that I had the delight of talking the choreographer, I would approach about the internal inspirations for her work. Quite a bit of what she has m ade had never been found in the realm of move, so her thoughts must originate from some assorted foundation. As I watched Contact Place, I was struck by the show of excellence. This piece was substantially more lively than its forerunners, fusing shading to the set and outfits. The artists demonstrated their hair, teeth, nails, hips, and outfits to show their conventionalized excellence. I wish to know where the thoughts for this presentation started. I was exceptionally happy to be presented to the gathered works of Pina. Her commitments to the universe of execution craftsmanship are impossible, and her heritage will suffer for a long time to come. My expectation is that her thoughts showed in the moves of this narrative will start new inspirations in choreographers worldwide to keep inventiveness at the core of skilled execution.

How to Throw a New Years Party on the Cheap

How to Throw a New Year’s Party on the Cheap How to Throw a New Year’s Party on the Cheap How to Throw a New Year’s Party on the CheapWant to ring in the new year right? Try hosting a fun, inexpensive New Year’s party that’ll make both your friends and your budget sing “Auld Lang Syne.” (And no, we’re not sure what that song’s about either.)Updated: December 26, 2018Everybody loves a good New Year’s partyâ€"but nobody likes the financial hangover that can come from hosting one. Here are our favorite tips for throwing an awesome New Year’s bash without blowing your budget. Start lateâ€"and skip dinner.If you’re having 10 or 15 of your closest friends over to your apartment for a New Year’s Eve dinner … that means paying to feed 10 or 15 people. And those costs can add up fast.Plus, serving dinner probably means starting your party around dinner time, and longer parties mean more food, more drinks, more party games, more everything! Skipping dinner and starting later will help you save money all around!And let’s be honest hereâ€"for a lot of slight ly older folks out there, partying till midnight is not such an easy thing anymore. Starting around 9 pm will give people a chance to actually make it to midnight!Make it a potluck.At a New Year’s party, people are going to be expecting to eat, drink and be merry. But food and drink, in all its glorious forms, can cost a pretty penny when you’re trying to serve a lot of people.One possible solution would be to just go with a bunch of cheap stuffâ€"but who wants that? Serving Taco Bell and tap water is a sure-fire way to cut down on party attendance next year.Instead, why not encourage your guests to BYOB? You can still provide some food and drinksâ€"and you should definitely be the one to provide the champagneâ€"but ask everyone to bring a bottle of their favorite stuff. That way, you can spread the costs around.When decorating, go simple.Don’t get all excited and blow your entire budget on fancy streamers, noisemakers, and other shiny bric-a-brac. There are better ways to spe nd your money.Here are some tips:Pick a simple, two-color scheme. Choose two of the following colors: white, black, gold, silver, red, blue. Use those two colors to guide your party décor. A simple but elegant scheme will get you a lot farther than an expensive, gaudy one.Turn down the lights. Nothing says “classy” like mood lighting. Putting the lights on low will not only give your party that extra air of sophistication, but it will also let you spend less on decorations. No need to decorate when somebody won’t be able to see it anyway.Candles, candles, candles. Not only are candles super cheap, but they look great! You can buy a large number of tea candles for cheap and use them as accent pieces around the apartment. (Just be careful around open flames, especially if youll be serving alcohol. Things happen.)Re-use Christmas decorations.This is another great way to save on decorating costs. Lots of the same decorations that you or your friends have hanging around after Chri stmas can quite easily be repurposed for New Years. Basically, anything that is silvery, shiny, or glittery is perfect. (Stay away from any decorations that have red/green color schemes, thoughâ€"Christmas owns those.)Another point to consider here: Christmas decorations are dirt cheap the week after Christmas. Go to your local retailer or dollar store with $20 in your pocket and you can probably buy all the decorations you’ll need.Looking for more ideas? Here are 5 decoration recycling “hacks” we loved from HuffPost!Create your own photo booth.This is a fun way to have a New Year’s Eve staple at your party while spending almost no money.It’s super simple. Section off an area of your apartment for use as a photo booth. Hang a bedsheet as a backdrop, offer streamers, boas and party hats, whatever kind of fun wacky stuff you like. No need to provide a camera, since your guests can take photos on their smartphones.Make sure that you have a way to collect everyone’s photos, like giving them a hashtag to use when they post to social media. Once all the photos are collected, you can create an online photo album to commemorate the party, or you could spend a little extra to have the photos printed out and use them as fun decorations for next year’s party.This photo booth could be the start of a new New Year’s Eve tradition! All for maybe $5 or $10 bucks tops!Use champagne as a mixer.If it’s a New Year’s party, people are going to expect champagne. That can’t be helped and retailers know it. So, they usually mark up the champagne they’re selling. And getting the really inexpensive champagne is not a great option either.Instead, stretch your champagne budget further by using it to make festive mixed drinks! Need some inspiration? Here are twenty simple champagne cocktail recipes courtesy of Delish.com.Time for a  fresh financial start.New Year’s is a time for making resolutions and taking control of your finances. It is not a time for racking up fresh debt. So save yourself a financial headache and throw a party that’s off the chain while staying on budget.You know what makes for a great New Years resolution? Swearing off predatory no credit check loans like title loans, cash advances, and payday loans. If you want to protect yourself from expensive short-term bad credit loans this next year, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Finance a Medical Emergency: An OppLoans eBookWant to Avoid No Credit Check Loans? Build an Emergency FundYour Guide to Escaping a Debt TrapA Beginner’s Guide to BudgetingDo you have a financial question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

Trade Union Act of 2016 Essay

Trade Union Act of 2016 Essay Essay Prompt: On 4th May 2016 The Trade Union Bill received royal assent to become the Trade Union Act 2016. Employment Minister Nick Boles said: â€Å"These changes will ensure people are only ever disrupted by industrial action when it is supported by a reasonable proportion of union members. The Trade Union Act means the rights of the public to go about their lives are fairly balanced with members’ ability to strike.† Unite General Secretary Len McCluskey said: â€Å"The bill’s progress today is a dark day for workers and for those who speak up in their defence when power is misused.† (Adapted from Moss (2016) ‘Trade Union act 2016 becomes law’, Personnel Today available at http://www.personneltoday.com/hr/trade-union-act-2016-becomes-law/ ) The Trade Union Act (2016) has been a controversial piece of legislation and did not have a smooth passage through parliament. The draft regulations are set to come into force on 1st March 2017. Critical Evaluation of the Impact of the Trade Union Act (2016) on Trade Unions and Employers On the 4th of May 2016, the controversial Trade Union Act 2016 received royal assent, changing the way in which Unions can operate, curtailing many of their powers in a move that has been argued as reducing union power (Ewing and Hendy, 2016). The bill, first introduced in 2015, was watered down from the original more aggressive proposals in the discussion papers (Liberty, 2016). Items excluded from the bill included enhanced requirements increasing the regulations on picketing, such as the requirements for unions to notify police and employers of picket plans two weeks ahead of the action, resections of social media use by unions, and the introduction of a new criminal act of intimidation as pickets (Liberty, 2016). However, the act still has a significant impact on employers and trade unions, with Liberty (2015) stating that this act created â€Å"a significant, unnecessary and unjustified intrusion by the State into the freedom of association and assembly of trade union members, undermine the right to private and family life, and jeopardise the UK’s important history of supporting peaceful protest† (p.3). This indicates there is a profound effect, this paper examines the impact of the act on employers and the employees. Brodies (2016) identifies numerous substantive changes contained within the act. These include changes to the way in which balloting takes place and voting is counted, the notice required for industrial action, and the timescale within which industrial action may take place, changes to the check off system which connects union subscriptions direct from payroll, changes to donations to political funds, facility time, and increase statutory powers to the picketing code of conduct, and changes regarding the use of agency workers during industrial action. These different elements can be considered individually. Changes to Balloting The changes have impacted the way balloting takes place, these increase the requirements on the union, and make it harder to obtain a vote in favour of taking action. Before the vote takes place the ballots should be prepared with the information on the paper including a clear destitution of the dispute itself, as well as details of the industrial action that is planned (Moss, 2016, Trade Union Act 2016). In the past there was only a requirement for trade unions to ask union members whether or not they wanted to take action and express delivery should be strike action, or action short of strike action, without being prescriptive. It is argued by the government this will increase transparency, allowing workers to know what they are voting for, but does increase the requirements of the trade union (Liberty, 2015). There are changes in the way a vote for action is acceptable. Prior to the change, the bar was straightforward; the majority of those voting to vote in favour of action. Now, for the results of any ballot to be actionable, at least 50% of those entitled to vote must have participated and a majority must vote for action to be taken (Trade Union Act 2016). This may be seen as raising the bar; many unions will have members eligible to vote who may not participate. If the dispute concerns employees ‘normally engaged’ in ‘important public services’, for example education, fire services, health and transport, the bar is raised further, with at least 40% of those eligible to vote, voting in favour of action (Brodies, 2016, Trade Union Act 2016). This latter requirement may also be argued as a double standard, as the government itself may be seen as an essential public service. Under these requirements, the conservative party would not have gained power in the last election; moreover, since the end of the Second World War there has only been one election where the winning party managed to obtain 40% of the popular vote, which was the 1951 election where the Labour Party won (Warwick, 2015). In the last election, out of the 330 Conservative MPs, 274 did not manage to gain the support of 40% of their electorate (Warwick, 2015). Likewise, when Boris Johnson stood as Mayor of London, he failed to obtain 40% of the total electorate (Warwick, 2015). Therefore, it may be argued that this requirement has been incorporated in order to minimise the potential for employees to vote for industrial action. For trade unions, this means the organisations will need to encourage increased participation in boats, with absence effectively being a vote against action. The implication here is a greater need for unions to reach out and communicate with all eligible voting members, even moving towards marketing campaigns to encourage voting, even before looking at the issues. Theoretically, a 100% vote for action by those participating in a ballot may not to be actionable, if they did not make up 50% of the eligible electorate. This change clearly benefits employers, as they are less likely to face an actionable vote. Likewise, to avoid a vote in favour of action, employers no longer need to persuade employees to vote against action, they can simply encourage them to abstain. The law now creates a bias, where staying votes are effectively cast against strike action (Ewing and Hendry, 2016). The requirements regarding the way industrial action is taken have also changed. Prior to the act, unions were obliged to give employers seven days’ notice of action, this has now increased to a default of 14 days, with the exception of seven days where the employer agrees that this is sufficient notice (Trade Union Act 2016). Once a vote had taken place, under the old statutes, union action had to take place within four weeks, or eight weeks with the employer’s permission, but action could then be taken indefinitely at any time based on the ballot results, as long as the dispute is continuing. However, this is no longer the case, with the new act allowing the mandate to expire after six months, with the exception where employers agree allowing it to last up to 9 months, after which time the union will need to seek a new ballot (Trade Union Act 2016). This expiry of the ballot means that unions are unable to take action based on historic ballots, effectively limiting the potential period for future action. For the trade unions there is a curtailment of their ability to use past mandates, which may be a significant constraint. There are also arguments that historic ballots in favour of action may not always reflect the current views of the members, and there is a potential to abuse historic mandates granted through a ballot. It is known where action is undertaken a significant period after the initial ballot, there may be less commitment by the employees towards the action as the initial feelings may have subsided (Wrigley, 2012). However this is viewed, it increases the pressure on trade unions, with the expiry of mandates, and may also provide barriers as there are always costs associated with a new ballot taking place. The act also mandates that the government should commission an independent review to consider the potential for electronic balloting (Trade Union Act 2016). In the past there have been pressures to implement electronic balloting, as a way of increasing the potential vote, and reducing barriers to eligible members. With the requirements for at least 50% of the eligible members to participate in a vote for it to be binding, and 40% to vote in favour of action in essential public service organisations, it may be argued that the ability to restrict or place barriers to members voting benefits the employer. Therefore, it is notable that while there is a commitment to commission an independent report onto electronic voting, the act does not provide for any commitment to implement this balloting process. This, once again, appears to favour the employer over the trade union. Payment of subscriptions and deductions Check-off is a process through which trade union memberships are paid through a deduction administered by a company’s payroll (Bowers, Duggan and Reade, 2011). Under the new act, employers that are either in the public sector, or in the private sector providing some public services, union subscription may only be deducted from wages if two criteria are satisfied; that the union members are granted an option to pay their subscriptions by another method, for example direct debit, and that the union themselves contribute towards the cost of administering the system which deducts the fees from the wages (Trade Union Act 2016; Brodies, 2016). The payments made by the union to cover the payroll costs need to be seen as â€Å"reasonable†, equal to the amount of public funds which would be spent administering those deductions (Trade Union Act 2016). This increases the cost to the trade union for collecting the fees, this move effectively forces trade unions set up alternative pay arrangements. This may be argued as impacting on trade unions, as there is a greater potential for those who pay by direct debit to default on their union membership as a direct debit is more likely to be defaulted compared to a wage deduction (Booth, 1995). Reduced union membership will reduce the power of the unions (Laybourn, 1997). Many unions traditionally supported the Labour Party, the new act requires a more transparent approach to be adopted towards the way unions pay into political funds (Taylor-Gooby, 2016). New members are to be provided a greater level of access to information regarding political funds, and information concerning the way a union member may opt out of political fund donations have to be provided on an annual basis (Trade Union Act 2016). This increases the obligations of trade unions, and creates a new bureaucratic process which has to be undertaken on an annual basis, incurring costs, potentially reducing political donations. On the surface, this may be seen as a reasonable move to empower union members, and allow them to exercise individualised decision-making. However, the political situation should be considered in the context of this apparent empowerment of union members. The majority of unions support the Labour Party, and the act was introduced by a Conservative government. ` Therefore, the act incorporated measures that could be interpreted as the Conservative party hindering the Labour Party by reducing the potential to access funds from unions. Therefore, as well as incurring costs for unions regarding administrative processes, this measure also has the potential to reduce the amount of money the unions pay to the Labour Party; the Labour Party which has traditionally supported trade union rights. Effectively, the move may be seen as undermining trade union power. In addition to providing increased opportunities for individuals to opt out of making political contributions, the act also created a default position where proactive permission to be granted, with any agreements made by union members to support the political donations lapsing after a period of five years. This places a proactive requirement on members, may further reduce the funds received by Labour from the unions. It is well known in many different areas where contributions are collected, opt in schemes generate fewer contributions, and lower levels of funds compared to opt out schemes (Booth, 1995). Picketing Where there has been a vote for action, picketing can only take place if it was detailed on the ballot as a course of action. The law has tightened regarding picketing, placing elements which were previously under a code of practice into the statute. A major change is requirement for the appointment of a supervisor wherever picketing occurs. The supervisor should be familiar with the code of practice on picketing, and the police must be informed on the identity of the supervisor, along with details on where the picketing is going to take place, and how the supervisor can be contacted (Trade Union Act 2016). The supervisor must be present at the picket, or should be available to attend the picket at short notice. An important element of this change is a shift of responsibility, the ultimate responsibility for any disorder which occurs at the picket has now been shifted to the union, increasing their responsibility (Ewing and Hendy, 2016). There are also additional rights granted to employers, if the picketers breach the code of conduct for picketing the employers are now within their rights to take out injunctions or seek damages from the union for the breach of these rules (Brodies, 2016). Facility Time Facility time is the time allowed to union representatives to undertake union business within their time of employment; effectively being paid by the employer while working for the union. Under the new act there are increased constraints placed on this facility time for employers in the public sector, and some private sector employers where there is a provision of public services. These include the requirement to publish informational facility time, including the amount of paid time off utilised for the activities and duties associated with the union (Trade Union Act 2016) A notable inclusion is the empowerment of the government to issue regulations that will place restrictions on the amount of facility time allowed with particular employers (Trade Union Act 2016). The government’s claim for this measure is the increased transparency that it will provide, and the ability to implement measures that are required to constrain costs, especially at times of austerity. This constraint may be popular in terms of approaches to the management of the public purse, constraining what may be seen as unnecessary cost, especially to members of the public outside the organisation (Lane, 2017). It may also be argued that government need to manage costs in an effective manner when seeking to reduce government deficits (Bracci, Humphrey, Moll and Steccolini, 2015). However, it is notable that this has a direct impact on weakening the power of the unions, by reducing the amount of time and resources which may be undertaken to support their activities. This will impact on unions by increasing pressure on more limited resources, may force union officials to working unpaid capacity, and may also limit the way in which services can be provided to the members. The employers, there is the potential to reduce costs, as well as reduce the influence union have on the members due to their lower ability to operate. This measure is also notable, as while new regulations have not been introduced to restrict facility time, it is a sweeping power granted to the government, and maybe use extensively in the future. Other Changes Other changes include new powers to be granted to the certification officer to allow them a greater level of power when investigating trade unions for potential breaches of their statutory duties, as well as increasing the powers to take action against those trade unions (Trade Union Act 2016). Other changes which were proposed, but have been abandoned, include the reinstatement of regulations that will allow employers to take on agency staff at the time of strike. Discussion Notably, this act covers the entire United Kingdom, including Scotland and Wales, as trade union law is not devolved (Brodies, 2016). Members of Parliament and both Scotland and Wales were highly vocal against this act, but it was still past. Overall, the act may be seen as creating a much stronger bias in shifting the power away from unions towards employees. During the early days of unions, their power resided with their ability to represent their members, and redress the asymmetry of power which has existed between employees and employers; where an employer was able to exert a high level of power, including unfair treatment (Laybourn, 1997). The formation of trade unions, especially the beginning of the 20th century, redress this issue, and may be credited with adjustments in power in the employee/employer relationship and the development of statutory requirements to protect employees rights. However, the power of the unions has been subsided from some time, particularly following the long coalmine strikes during the 1970s, which were highly unpopular with the public (Laybourn, 1997). The 2016 act makes a significant changes, and moves very strongly away from powers of the union, biasing the relationship towards employees. Within any workplace, maybe argued that an employer is always in a position of strength, they have the ability to hire and fire employees, set terms and conditions, and dictate the way in which the employment relationship operates. The employers are required to abide by the law, whether it is health and safety, terms and conditions, or minimum payment issues and hours, but the way this is enforced is through the employer undertaking a wrong action, which is then questioned by the employee. While unions are powerful, and there is an ability for the group voice to be used to support their rights, employees have a greater level of power. By reducing the powers of the trade unions, the act is reducing the powers of the unions in a number of ways, increasing burdens in terms of administration, operations and costs, while reducing their ability to access resources. By examining the way in which the new act may impact on a past dispute, there is a clear indication of the impact on both the employer and the trade union. McFarlane (2016) uses the example of the RMT’s dispute with Virgin in 2016. The dispute between the RMT and virgin resulted in a vote where 80% of those who participated voted yes to the strike, but that vote, despite this apparent high level of approval for industrial action, could have been challenged by the employer under the new act. Given the situation of the RMT, the employer would have been able to argue that if fewer than 900 members a taxi taken part in the vote, the vote would not be valid, as the union had 1800 eligible voting members, so the vote would have failed on the 50% rule (McFarlane, 2016). Likewise, if the vote had less than 720 members voting in favour of undertaken strike action, there would also have been an inability for the action to take place, as virgin trains is a public transport organisation and classified as an essential service, so would need to meet the 40% threshold of membership voting for action (McFarlane, 2016). By examining this is possible see the difficulties, and the increased pressures that will be placed on trade unions to garner sufficient support, especially when many members may be ambivalent to the potential action if they have no direct interest in it. Conversely, this case clearly demonstrates the way in which Virgin Trains may have benefited from the new act if it had been in place during their dispute, as it would have been much less likely they would have faced industrial action, and there were also legal approaches which could be adopted to try avoid industrial action, or simply use court action as a way of delaying it. The criticism of this is not only the increased difficulty, but the way in which it may be argued as contravening the European Convention on Human Rights (McFarlane, 2016). The European Convention on Human Rights, particularly article 11, are relevant to this, as this requires freedom of association, and places a positive obligation on the UK government. It is notable that complaints have already been lodged with the International Labour Organisation, as well as the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights (Ewing and Hendy, 2016). Overall, there is a shift in power from trade unions towards employees, and a shift in the burdens associated with administering and supporting union workers away from employers towards the trade unions. It is highly likely that under the new measures there will be far fewer official industrial action is taking place, while trade unions will also face increased costs associated with the ongoing operations. Trade unions may find they need to undertake more aggressive marketing and demonstrate the way in which they can work for their members, while employers may simply choose to encourage non-union membership, and ambivalence towards voting. Works Cited Page Booth, A.L., 1995. The Economics of the Trade Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bowers, J.,, Duggan, M., and Reade, D., 2011. The Law of Industrial Action and Trade Union Recognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bracci, E.,, Humphrey, C.,, Moll, J., and Steccolini, I., 2015. Public sector accounting, accountability and austerity: more than balancing the books? Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 28(6), pp.878–908. Brodies, 2016. The Trade Union Act 2016: what is changing? [online] Available at: http://www.brodies.com/blog/trade-union-act-2016-changing/. Ewing, K.D., and Hendry, J., 2016. The Eclipse of the Rule of Law?: Trade Union Rights and the EU. [online] Liverpool. Available at: http://www.ier.org.uk/sites/ier.org.uk/files/The Eclipse of the Rule of Law Trade Union Rights and the EU 2016.pdf. Ewing, K.D., and Hendy, J., 2016. The Trade Union Act 2016 and the Failure of Human Rights. Industrial Law Journal, 45(3), pp.391–422. Lane, J., 2017. The Threat to Facility Time in the Trade Union Act 2016—A Necessary Austerity Measure? Industrial Law Journal, 46(1), pp.134–143. Laybourn, K., 1997. A History of British Trade Unionism, c.1770-1990. London: Sutton Publishing. Liberty, 2015. Liberty’s briefing on the Trade Union Bill for Second Reading in the House of Lords. [online] London. Available at: https://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/sites/default/files/Liberty%27s briefing on the Trade Union Bill for Second Reading in the House of Lords_1.pdf. Liberty, 2016. Campaigning on the Trade Union Act 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/campaigning/trade-union-act-2016. McFarlane, P., 2016. How the Trade Union Act 2016 will change the rules on industrial action. People Management. [online] Available at: http://www2.cipd.co.uk/pm/peoplemanagement/b/weblog/archive/2016/10/10/how-the-trade-union-act-2016-will-change-the-rules-on-industrial-action.aspx. Moss, R., 2016. Trade Union Act 2016 becomes law. Personnel Today. [online] Available at: http://www.personneltoday.com/hr/trade-union-act-2016-becomes-law/. Taylor-Gooby, P., 2016. The Divisive Welfare State. Social Policy Administration, 50(6), pp.712–733. Trade Union Act 2016.[online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/15/pdfs/ukpga_20160015_en.pdf. Wrigley, C., 2012. British Trade Unions Since 1933. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. View or Download this full document in (.docx) format. --> Open Full Document Open full document and source list OR Order A Custom Written Essay Order a one-of-a-kind custom essay on this topic

Summary of Findings From the Banking Industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1447 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 4. Summary Of Findings The study has been conducted to observe the impact of national elections on the share market, with regard to its performance in terms of volatility, which has been proved on the basis of the following findings published here: 4.1 As observed from Banking Industry: The return of PNB on the date of elections (16th May, 2014) was 7.34%. When compared with the previous dates stock returns, the performance of the bank shows an inclination towards a positive fluctuation, as the returns rise from 1.3% on 2nd May 2014, 0.24% on 8th May 2014, 4.86 % on 9th May 2014, and then assumes a negative trend, but with a high volatility, succeeding the date of elections, as witnessed in (1.69%) returns on 20th May 2014, (0.14%) returns on 22nd May 2014, and so on. Furthermore, this strong volatility is exhibited by a comparatively high standard deviation of 0.0367 and a strong beta value of 1.7049 The return of SBI on the date of elections (16th may, 2014) was 5.71%. When Compared with the previous dates stock returns, the performance of the bank shows a positive volatility, as the returns rise from 0.37% on 4rd may 2014, 3.75% on 9th May 2014, on and than assumes a negative trend, but with a high volatility, succeeding the date of elections, as witnessed in (-1.64%) returns on 18th May 2014, (- 2.74%) returns on 19th May 2014, (-2.76%) returns on 27th May 2014 and so on. Furthermore, this strong volatility is exhibited by a comparatively high standard deviation of 0.0307 and a strong beta value of 1.9186. The return of Axis bank on the date of elections (16th may, 2014) was 5.30%. When compared with the previous dates stock returns, the performance of the bank shows a positive volatility, as the returns rise from 1.45% on 5th May 2014, 4.64% on 9th May 2014, 1.51% on 15th May 2014, on and than assumes a negative trend, but with a high volatility, succeeding the date of elections, as witnessed in (-2.23%) returns on 21st May 2014, (1.37%) return on 27th May 2014 and so on. Furthermore, this strong volatility is exhibited by a comparatively high standard deviation of 0.0204 and a strong beta value of 1.1601. 4.2 Pharmaceutical industry has shown the following fluctuations: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Summary of Findings From the Banking Industry" essay for you Create order The return of sun pharma on the date of elections (16th may, 2014) was -1.27%. When compared with the previous dates stock returns, the performance of the company shows a high rate of volatility- the returns as on 5th may 2014 is -0.52%, on 6th may the return decreases to -0.08% whereas on 7th may again it became positive 0.74% whereas on 14th may the returns are 0.50% but on the day of election it again turns negative -1.27%. This shows the market is highly volatile. Furthermore this volatility is exhibited by a standard deviation of 0.0168. Lupin and Cipla, both the companies show a similar trend in their volatility rate. The returns on the date of elections (16th May 2014) were Lupin 0.56% and Cipla’s was -2.54%. When compared with the previous dates stock returns, the performance of both the companies show a similar trend in volatility- the returns on 2nd May, 2014 – 2.07% and 1.16% respectively; 5th May, 2014 – (1.21%) and (2.37%), respectively. The companies follow a similar path before the date of elections. After the election date, similar high volatility is exhibited- returns on 19th May 2014 (4.63%) and (0.91%), respectively, 20th May 2014 1.7% and 1.18% respectively and returns of (0.95%) and (1.99%) respectively. This is further exhibited by a high standard deviation of 1.5 of both the companies. The return of Torrent on the date of elections (6th May 2014) was -1.70%. When compared with the previous dates stock returns, the performance of the company shows a high volatility trend as compared with the other companies in the industry as well. The returns are, on 5th may 2014 2.64%, on 7th may 2014 -1.28%, 13th may -1.67% and on 15th May -3.21%. The mentioned figures show a high volatility in the stock returns. Furthermore this volatility is exhibited by a standard deviation of 2.44%. 4.1.3 FMCG industry showed the following volatility: The returns of Nestle on the date of elections (16th may 2014) was -1.45%. When compared with the previous dates stock returns, the performance of the company show a high volatility rate, as on 2nd may the return is -0.94%, whereas on 8th may the reruns are 1.48%, 9th may shows 1.17% but on 13th may the reruns again drops to -1.94% which is a negative figure, 14th may the returns are -1.20%. The returns mentioned show a high volatility trend. Furthermore this volatility is exhibited by a standard deviation of 0.0135. ITC shows a high trend of volatility in the returns, the returns on the date of elections (16TH MAY 2014) is -3.04%. When the returns are compared with the previous dates stock returns, the performance of the company show a high volatility rate, as on 2nd may is -0.15%, 5th may the return is 1.31%, 8th may it turns negative to -1.30%, but again on 12th may the return became positive to 3.94%, whereas on 14th the return drop down to 1.33%. Thus the mentioned figures show a high volatility. Furthermore this volatility is exhibited by a standard deviation of 0.0183 and a strong beta of 0.2513. The return of Dabur on the date of elections (16th may, 2014) was -3.38%. When compared with the previous dates stock returns, the performance of the company shows a high rate of volatility- the returns as on 2nd may the return is 0.56%, on 5th may it drops down to -0.42%, on 7th may it is -0.67%, whereas on 12th may it turns to 1.25%, on 13th it increases to 3.71%, whereas on 15th may it again drops down to a negative figure of -0.98%. Thus the figures conclude that the company has a high volatility rate. Furthermore this volatility is exhibited by a standard deviation of 0.0150 and with a strong beta value of 0.2180. 5. Conclusions India, ever since its independence 68 years ago, seems to have been struck with policy paralyses, indecisiveness, and widespread bureaucracy. Its political lineup includes – the Congress, the Bhartiya Janata Party and the newly emerged Aam Aadmi Party. In the world’s largest democracy, elections, which signify its very essence, bring activity and excitement not only on the political front, but also send our financial markets into turmoil. This study examined the impact of political uncertainty on stock exchange. To study this issue the researcher has taken two companies form two different sectors and than there returns are studied and correlated with the Sensex. The study brings to light several interesting facts. It is clear that political events stimulate a strong reaction from the stock market. Investors and Stock Market Analysts will benefit from analyzing the political situation of the country as well before investing in particular scrip. Furth er research and analysis to determine the exact extent of this influence will help analysts accurately measure future returns from scrips. Researcher studied the effect of political news i.e. election results, when the Bhartiya janta party formed a new government, on the stock market returns and volatility. Hence after the study it is proved that the political news does have a great impact on the volatility of the stock prices of different companies in different industry. For the month of May, average returns given by banking industry is more than the pharmaceuticals industry. Though the returns are more in banking industry but the returns are more consistent in pharmaceuticals industry i.e. the returns are less volatile. The comparative analysis shows that the positive relation between stock and the market is more in banking industry as compared to pharmaceuticals industry. The expected returns as compared to actual returns i.e. Alpha is counterbalanced by the samples selected i n both the industries. Hence the industries are on the same platform as regards to Alpha. The uncontrollable risk (beta) is more prominent in pharmaceuticals industry, which states that it is more affected by outside sources. This study will be beneficial for the investors, who invest in stock market as political scenario is one of the important factors for price fluctuations and this will help them to analyze and study the market properly. This study will also help the economist and companies to study the influence of political news on the share prices. 6. Implications of the study This study will be beneficial for the investors, who invest in stock market as political scenario is one of the important factors for price fluctuations and this will help them to analyze and study the market properly. This will also help the economist and companies to study the influence of political news on the share prices. 7. Limitations The study have been conducted on using only 3 sectors of the economy i.e. Banking Pharmaceuticals and FMCG. The political news, which has been taken, is for one month but not on an annual basis. The study has ignored the dividends and different interest rates, as it does not create any significant error when we forecast stock market volatility.

Sexuality in the Renaissance - 2020 Words

During the Renaissance period, sexuality impacted how people, both men and women, were treated and how they behaved. The lives of women were completely defined by the ideals of sexuality that were enforced during that time. Every area of a woman’s life from birth was influenced by outside influences rather than by they themselves. It took a particular type of woman to break past the clearly defined description of what a â€Å"Renaissance woman† should be. Sexuality is defined as one’s sexual character which possesses the structural and functional traits of sex. In the Renaissance, this definition was accompanied with ideologies of gender. This incorporated knowledge led to their notions of the female being inferior to the male based on what was†¦show more content†¦A young woman would marry a man who was usually significantly older than she was. After marriage, women were stuck in a home where the male was the head of the household and made all of the decisions.11 Marital choice did not exist; at least not for women. Woman were forced to marry men that they barely knew, thus even the most intimate details of their lives were decided not by them, but by others. Love was usually not a factor in the marriage equation. Wife-beating was also allowed and men sometimes imprisoned, starved, and humiliated their wives.12 Divorce did not come about until the Protestant Reformation and even then, it was mostly used by upper class citizens. â€Å"Fornication, clandestine marriage, and adultery were sexual offenses related to marriage.† Adultery was seen as a â€Å"wife’s crime† and was very serious. On the other hand, men did the same thing but were not punished for it. These men even had children outside of their marriage and the wife was expected to take care of them just the same. 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How High In the Sky Are Clouds

Have you ever looked up at the sky while cloud watching and wondered exactly how high above ground clouds float? A clouds height is determined by a number of things, including the type of cloud  and the level at which condensation happens at that particular time of day (this changes depending on what the atmospheric conditions are). When we talk about cloud height, we have to be careful because it can mean  one of two things. It can refer to the height above ground, in which case it is called the  cloud ceiling or cloud base. Or, it can describe the  height of the cloud itself -- the distance between its base and its top, or how tall it is. This characteristic is called cloud thickness or cloud depth.   Cloud Ceiling Definition Cloud ceiling refers to the height above the earths surface of the cloud base (or of the lowest cloud layer if theres more than one type of cloud in the sky.) (ceiling because it is the Low clouds, which include cumulus and clouds, can form anywhere from near the surface up to 2,000 meters (6,500 feet).  Middle clouds form at altitudes of 2,000 to 4,000 meters (6,500 to 13,000 ft) above ground near the poles, 2,000 to 7,000 meters (6,500 to 23,000 ft) at mid-latitudes, and 2,000 to 2,600 meters (6,500 to 25,000 ft) at the tropics.  High clouds have base heights of 3,000 to 7,600 meters (10,000 to 25,000 ft) in polar regions, 5,000 to 12,200 meters (16,500 to 40,000 ft) in temperate regions, and 6,100 to 18,300 meters (20,000 to 60,000 ft) in the tropical region. Cloud ceiling is measured using a  weather instrument  known as a ceilometer. Ceilometers work by sending out an intense laser beam of light into the sky. As the laser travels through the air, it encounters cloud droplets and is scattered back to the receiver on the ground which then calculates the distance (i.e., the height of the cloud base) from the strength of the return signal. Cloud Thickness and Depth Cloud height, also known as cloud thickness or cloud depth is the distance between a clouds base, or bottom, and its top. It isnt measured directly but rather is calculated by subtracting the altitude of its top from that of its base.   Cloud thickness isnt just some arbitrary thing -- its actually related to how much precipitation a cloud is capable of producing. The thicker the cloud, the heavier the precipitation that falls from it. For example,  cumulonimbus clouds, which are among the deepest clouds, are known for their thunderstorms and heavy downpours whereas very thin clouds (like cirrus) dont generate any precipitation at all.    More: How cloudy is partly cloudy? METAR Reporting Cloud ceiling is an important weather condition for aviation safety. Because it affects visibility, it determines whether pilots can use Visual Flight Rules (VFR) or must follow Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) instead. For this reason, it is reported in METAR (METeorological Aviation Reports) but only when  sky conditions are broken, overcast, or obscured.

Prohibition The Ignoble Experiment Essay - 579 Words

Prohibition: The Ignoble Experiment nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The 18th Amendment , considered to be one of the biggest follies of the nation, was brought about with the intent to sincerely help the U.S., but more harm came from it than good. Prohibition, also known as the 18th Amendment , was ratified on January 29th, 1920 and was repealed on December 5th, 1933 with the ratification of the 21st Amendment which nullified prohibition. The 18th Amendment stated that it was illegal to manufacture, transport, and sell alcoholic beverages in the United States. quot;The national prohibition of alcohol was undertaken to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, reduce the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses, and improve†¦show more content†¦Well, the drys were wrong because many problems surfaced as a result of prohibition. One problem was the increase of alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption did go down at the beginning of prohibition, but subsequently went back up. Alcohol became more dangerous to consume and crime burgeoned and became  ³organizedquot;. The courts and prison systems became over crowded resulting in a full blown war on alcohol which costed the government millions of dollars. Political officials began to want a piece of the action and became corrupt. The prohibition of alcohol also resulted in the removal of significant tax revenues and the increase of government spending. It also led many drinkers to switch to other drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, opium, patent medicines, and other dangerous substances they would have been unlikely to use otherwise.  ³ Speakeasiesquot; or illegal saloons, and  ³bootleggersquot; (dealers of alcohol) surfaced all over the U.S. This created crime and corruption everywhere. This darkside of alcohol gave it a glamourous and forbidden feel to it which tempted non- drinkers to drink so they could  ³experience the forbiddance of alcoholquot;. This drastically increased the alcohol consumption rate higher than it was before prohibition was ratified. quot;Prohibition did not achieve its goals. Instead, it added to the problems it was intended to solve

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 100-101 Free Essays

CHAPTER 100 Bishop Manuel Aringarosa’s body had endured many kinds of pain, and yet the searing heat of the bullet wound in his chest felt profoundly foreign to him. Deep and grave. Not a wound of the flesh†¦ but closer to the soul. We will write a custom essay sample on The Da Vinci Code Chapter 100-101 or any similar topic only for you Order Now He opened his eyes, trying to see, but the rain on his face blurred his vision. Where am I? He could feel powerful arms holding him, carrying his limp body like a rag doll, his black cassock flapping. Lifting a weary arm, he mopped his eyes and saw the man holding him was Silas. The great albino was struggling down a misty sidewalk, shouting for a hospital, his voice a heartrending wail of agony. His red eyes were focused dead ahead, tears streaming down his pale, blood-spattered face. â€Å"My son,† Aringarosa whispered,† you’re hurt.† Silas glanced down, his visage contorted in anguish. â€Å"I am so very sorry, Father.† He seemed almost too pained to speak. â€Å"No, Silas,† Aringarosa replied. â€Å"It is I who am sorry. This is my fault.† The Teacher promised me there would be no killing, and I told you to obey him fully. â€Å"I was too eager. Too fearful. You and I were deceived.† The Teacher was never going to deliver us the Holy Grail. Cradled in the arms of the man he had taken in all those years ago, Bishop Aringarosa felt himself reel back in time. To Spain. To his modest beginnings, building a small Catholic church in Oviedo with Silas. And later, to New York City, where he had proclaimed the glory of God with the towering Opus Dei Center on Lexington Avenue. Five months ago, Aringarosa had received devastating news. His life’s work was in jeopardy. He recalled, with vivid detail, the meeting inside Castel Gandolfo that had changed his life†¦ the news that had set this entire calamity into motion. Aringarosa had entered Gandolfo’s Astronomy Library with his head held high, fully expecting to be lauded by throngs of welcoming hands, all eager to pat him on the back for his superior work representing Catholicism in America. But only three people were present. The Vatican secretariat. Obese. Dour. Two high-ranking Italian cardinals. Sanctimonious. Smug. â€Å"Secretariat?† Aringarosa said, puzzled. The rotund overseer of legal affairs shook Aringarosa’s hand and motioned to the chair opposite him. â€Å"Please, make yourself comfortable.† Aringarosa sat, sensing something was wrong. â€Å"I am not skilled in small talk, Bishop,† the secretariat said,† so let me be direct about the reason for your visit.† â€Å"Please. Speak openly.† Aringarosa glanced at the two cardinals, who seemed to be measuring him with self-righteous anticipation. â€Å"As you are well aware,† the secretariat said,† His Holiness and others in Rome have been concerned lately with the political fallout from Opus Dei’s more controversial practices.† Aringarosa felt himself bristle instantly. He already had been through this on numerous occasions with the new pontiff, who, to Aringarosa’s great dismay, had turned out to be a distressingly fervent voice for liberal change in the Church. â€Å"I want to assure you,† the secretariat added quickly,† that His Holiness does not seek to change anything about the way you run your ministry.† I should hope not!† Then why am I here?† The enormous man sighed. â€Å"Bishop, I am not sure how to say this delicately, so I will state it directly. Two days ago, the Secretariat Council voted unanimously to revoke the Vatican’s sanction of Opus Dei.† Aringarosa was certain he had heard incorrectly. â€Å"I beg your pardon?† â€Å"Plainly stated, six months from today, Opus Dei will no longer be considered a prelature of the Vatican. You will be a church unto yourself. The Holy See will be disassociating itself from you. His Holiness agrees and we are already drawing up the legal papers.† â€Å"But†¦ that is impossible!† â€Å"On the contrary, it is quite possible. And necessary. His Holiness has become uneasy with your aggressive recruiting policies and your practices of corporal mortification.† He paused. â€Å"Also your policies regarding women. Quite frankly, Opus Dei has become a liability and an embarrassment.† Bishop Aringarosa was stupefied. â€Å"An embarrassment?† â€Å"Certainly you cannot be surprised it has come to this.† â€Å"Opus Dei is the only Catholic organization whose numbers are growing! We now have over eleven hundred priests!† â€Å"True. A troubling issue for us all.† Aringarosa shot to his feet. â€Å"Ask His Holiness if Opus Dei was an embarrassment in 1982 when we helped the Vatican Bank!† â€Å"The Vatican will always be grateful for that,† the secretariat said, his tone appeasing,† and yet there are those who still believe your financial munificence in 1982 is the only reason you were granted prelature status in the first place.† â€Å"That is not true!† The insinuation offended Aringarosa deeply. â€Å"Whatever the case, we plan to act in good faith. We are drawing up severance terms that will include a reimbursement of those monies. It will be paid in five installments.† â€Å"You are buying me off?† Aringarosa demanded. â€Å"Paying me to go quietly? When Opus Dei is the only remaining voice of reason!† One of the cardinals glanced up. â€Å"I’m sorry, did you say reason?† Aringarosa leaned across the table, sharpening his tone to a point. â€Å"Do you really wonder why Catholics are leaving the Church? Look around you, Cardinal. People have lost respect. The rigors of faith are gone. The doctrine has become a buffet line. Abstinence, confession, communion, baptism, mass – take your pick – choose whatever combination pleases you and ignore the rest. What kind of spiritual guidance is the Church offering?† â€Å"Third-century laws,† the second cardinal said,† cannot be applied to the modern followers of Christ. The rules are not workable in today’s society.† â€Å"Well, they seem to be working for Opus Dei!† â€Å"Bishop Aringarosa,† the secretariat said, his voice conclusive. â€Å"Out of respect for your organization’s relationship with the previous Pope, His Holiness will be giving Opus Dei six months to voluntarily break away from the Vatican. I suggest you cite your differences of opinion with the Holy See and establish yourself as your own Christian organization.† â€Å"I refuse!† Aringarosa declared. â€Å"And I’ll tell him that in person!† â€Å"I’m afraid His Holiness no longer cares to meet with you.† Aringarosa stood up. â€Å"He would not dare abolish a personal prelature established by a previous Pope!† â€Å"I’m sorry.† The secretariat’s eyes did not flinch. â€Å"The Lord giveth and the Lord taketh away.† Aringarosa had staggered from that meeting in bewilderment and panic. Returning to New York, he stared out at the skyline in disillusionment for days, overwhelmed with sadness for the future of Christianity. It was several weeks later that he received the phone call that changed all that. The caller sounded French and identified himself as the Teacher – a title common in the prelature. He said he knew of the Vatican’s plans to pull support from Opus Dei. How could he know that? Aringarosa wondered. He had hoped only a handful of Vatican power brokers knew of Opus Dei’s impending annulment. Apparently the word was out. When it came to containing gossip, no walls in the world were as porous as those surrounding Vatican City. â€Å"I have ears everywhere, Bishop,† the Teacher whispered,† and with these ears I have gained certain knowledge. With your help, I can uncover the hiding place of a sacred relic that will bring you enormous power†¦ enough power to make the Vatican bow before you. Enough power to save the Faith.† He paused. â€Å"Not just for Opus Dei. But for all of us.† The Lord taketh away†¦and the Lord giveth.Aringarosa felt a glorious ray of hope. â€Å"Tell me your plan.† Bishop Aringarosa was unconscious when the doors of St. Mary’s Hospital hissed open. Silas lurched into the entryway delirious with exhaustion. Dropping to his knees on the tile floor, he cried out for help. Everyone in the reception area gaped in wonderment at the half-naked albino offering forth a bleeding clergyman. The doctor who helped Silas heave the delirious bishop onto a gurney looked gloomy as he felt Aringarosa’s pulse. â€Å"He’s lost a lot of blood. I am not hopeful.† Aringarosa’s eyes flickered, and he returned for a moment, his gaze locating Silas. â€Å"My child†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Silas’s soul thundered with remorse and rage. â€Å"Father, if it takes my lifetime, I will find the one who deceived us, and I will kill him.† Aringarosa shook his head, looking sad as they prepared to wheel him away. â€Å"Silas†¦ if you have learned nothing from me, please†¦ learn this.† He took Silas’s hand and gave it a firm squeeze. â€Å"Forgiveness is God’s greatest gift.† â€Å"But Father†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Aringarosa closed his eyes. â€Å"Silas, you must pray.† CHAPTER 101 Robert Langdon stood beneath the lofty cupola of the deserted Chapter House and stared into the barrel of Leigh Teabing’s gun. Robert, are you with me, or against me? The Royal Historian’s words echoed in the silence of Langdon’s mind. There was no viable response, Langdon knew. Answer yes, and he would be selling out Sophie. Answer no, and Teabing would have no choice but to kill them both. Langdon’s years in the classroom had not imbued him with any skills relevant to handling confrontations at gunpoint, but the classroom had taught him something about answering paradoxical questions. When a question has no correct answer, there is only one honest response. The gray area between yes and no. Silence. Staring at the cryptex in his hands, Langdon chose simply to walk away. Without ever lifting his eyes, he stepped backward, out into the room’s vast empty spaces. Neutral ground.He hoped his focus on the cryptex signaled Teabing that collaboration might be an option, and that his silence signaled Sophie he had not abandoned her. All the while buying time to think. The act of thinking, Langdon suspected, was exactly what Teabing wanted him to do. That’s whyhe handed me the cryptex.So I could feel the weight of my decision.The British historian hoped the touch of the Grand Master’s cryptex would make Langdon fully grasp the magnitude of its contents, coaxing his academic curiosity to overwhelm all else, forcing him to realize that failure to unlock the keystone would mean the loss of history itself. With Sophie at gunpoint across the room, Langdon feared that discovering the cryptex’s elusive password would be his only remaining hope of bartering her release. If I can free the map, Teabingwill negotiate.Forcing his mind to this critical task, Langdon moved slowly toward the far windows†¦ allowing his mind to fill with the numerous astronomical images on Newton’s tomb. You seek the orb that ought be on his tomb. It speaks of Rosy flesh and seeded womb. Turning his back to the others, he walked toward the towering windows, searching for any inspiration in their stained-glass mosaics. There was none. Place yourself in Sauniere’s mind, he urged, gazing outward now into College Garden. What wouldhe believe is the orb that ought be on Newton’s tomb? Images of stars, comets, and planets twinkled in the falling rain, but Langdon ignored them. Sauniere was not a man of science. He was a man of humanity, of art, of history. The sacred feminine†¦the chalice†¦the Rose†¦the banishedMary Magdalene†¦the decline of the goddess†¦the Holy Grail. Legend had always portrayed the Grail as a cruel mistress, dancing in the shadows just out of sight, whispering in your ear, luring you one more step and then evaporating into the mist. Gazing out at the rustling trees of College Garden, Langdon sensed her playful presence. The signs were everywhere. Like a taunting silhouette emerging from the fog, the branches of Britain’s oldest apple tree burgeoned with five-petaled blossoms, all glistening like Venus. The goddess was in the garden now. She was dancing in the rain, singing songs of the ages, peeking out from behind the bud-filled branches as if to remind Langdon that the fruit of knowledge was growing just beyond his reach. Across the room, Sir Leigh Teabing watched with confidence as Langdon gazed out the window as if under a spell. Exactly as I hoped, Teabing thought. He will come around. For some time now, Teabing had suspected Langdon might hold the key to the Grail. It was no coincidence that Teabing launched his plan into action on the same night Langdon was scheduled to meet Jacques Sauniere. Listening in on the curator, Teabing was certain the man’s eagerness to meet privately with Langdon could mean only one thing. Langdon’s mysterious manuscript has touched a nerve with the Priory. Langdon has stumbled onto a truth, and Sauniere fears its release.Teabing felt certain the Grand Master was summoning Langdon to silence him. The Truth has been silenced long enough! Teabing knew he had to act quickly. Silas’s attack would accomplish two goals. It would prevent Sauniere from persuading Langdon to keep quiet, and it would ensure that once the keystone was in Teabing’s hands, Langdon would be in Paris for recruitment should Teabing need him. Arranging the fatal meeting between Sauniere and Silas had been almost too easy. I had inside information about Sauniere’s deepest fears.Yesterday afternoon, Silas had phoned the curator and posed as a distraught priest. â€Å"Monsieur Sauniere, forgive me, I must speak to you at once. I should never breach the sanctity of the confessional, but in this case, I feel I must. I just took confession from a man who claimed to have murdered members of your family.† Sauniere’s response was startled but wary. â€Å"My family died in an accident. The police report was conclusive.† â€Å"Yes, a car accident,† Silas said, baiting the hook. â€Å"The man I spoke to said he forced their car off the road into a river.† Sauniere fell silent.† Monsieur Sauniere, I would never have phoned you directly except this man made a comment which makes me now fear for your safety.† He paused. â€Å"The man also mentioned your granddaughter, Sophie.† The mention of Sophie’s name had been the catalyst. The curator leapt into action. He ordered Silasto come see him immediately in the safest location Sauniere knew – his Louvre office. Then he phoned Sophie to warn her she might be in danger. Drinks with Robert Langdon were instantly abandoned. Now, with Langdon separated from Sophie on the far side of the room, Teabing sensed he had successfully alienated the two companions from one another. Sophie Neveu remained defiant, but Langdon clearly saw the larger picture. He was trying to figure out the password. He understands the importance of finding the Grail and releasing her from bondage. â€Å"He won’t open it for you,† Sophie said coldly. â€Å"Even if he can.† Teabing was glancing at Langdon as he held the gun on Sophie. He was fairly certain now he was going to have to use the weapon. Although the idea troubled him, he knew he would not hesitate if it came to that. I have given her every opportunity to do the right thing.The Grail is bigger than any one of us. At that moment, Langdon turned from the window. â€Å"The tomb†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he said suddenly, facing them with a faint glimmer of hope in his eyes. â€Å"I know where to look on Newton’s tomb. Yes, I think I can find the password!† Teabing’s heart soared. â€Å"Where, Robert? Tell me!† Sophie sounded horrified. â€Å"Robert, no! You’re not going to help him, are you?† Langdon approached with a resolute stride, holding the cryptex before him. â€Å"No,† he said, his eyes hardening as he turned to Leigh. â€Å"Not until he lets you go.† Teabing’s optimism darkened. â€Å"We are so close, Robert. Don’t you dare start playing games with me!† â€Å"No games,† Langdon said. â€Å"Let her go. Then I’ll take you to Newton’s tomb. We’ll open the cryptex together.† â€Å"I’m not going anywhere,† Sophie declared, her eyes narrowing with rage. â€Å"That cryptex was given to me by my grandfather. It is not yours to open.† Langdon wheeled, looking fearful. â€Å"Sophie, please! You’re in danger. I’m trying to help you!† â€Å"How? By unveiling the secret my grandfather died trying to protect? He trusted you, Robert. Itrusted you!† Langdon’s blue eyes showed panic now, and Teabing could not help but smile to see the two of them working against one another. Langdon’s attempts to be gallant were more pathetic than anything. On the verge of unveiling one of history’s greatest secrets, and he troubles himself with a woman who has proven herself unworthy of the quest. â€Å"Sophie,† Langdon pleaded. â€Å"Please†¦ you must leave.† She shook her head. â€Å"Not unless you either hand me the cryptex or smash it on the floor.† â€Å"What?† Langdon gasped.† Robert, my grandfather would prefer his secret lost forever than see it in the hands of his murderer.† Sophie’s eyes looked as if they would well with tears, but they did not. She stared directly back at Teabing. â€Å"Shoot me if you have to. I am not leaving my grandfather’s legacy in your hands.† Very well.Teabing aimed the weapon. â€Å"No!† Langdon shouted, raising his arm and suspending the cryptex precariously over the hard stone floor. â€Å"Leigh, if you even think about it, I will drop this.† Teabing laughed. â€Å"That bluff worked on Remy. Not on me. I know you better than that.† â€Å"Do you, Leigh?† Yes I do. Your poker face needs work, my friend. It took me several seconds, but I can see now that you are lying. You have no idea where on Newton’s tomb the answer lies. â€Å"Truly, Robert? You know where on the tomb to look?† â€Å"I do.† The falter in Langdon’s eyes was fleeting but Leigh caught it. There was a lie there. A desperate, pathetic ploy to save Sophie. Teabing felt a profound disappointment in Robert Langdon. I am a lone knight, surrounded by unworthy souls. And I will have to decipher the keystone on my own. Langdon and Neveu were nothing but a threat to Teabing now†¦ and to the Grail. As painful as the solution was going to be, he knew he could carry it out with a clean conscience. The only challenge would be to persuade Langdon to set down the keystone so Teabing could safely end this charade. â€Å"A show of faith,† Teabing said, lowering the gun from Sophie. â€Å"Set down the keystone, and we’ll talk.† Langdon knew his lie had failed. He could see the dark resolve in Teabing’s face and knew the moment was upon them. When I setthis down, he will kill us both.Even without looking at Sophie, he could hear her heart beseeching him in silent desperation. Robert, this man is not worthy of the Grail.Please do not place it in his hands.No matter what the cost. Langdon had already made his decision several minutes ago, while standing alone at the window overlooking College Garden. Protect Sophie. Protect the Grail. Langdon had almost shouted out in desperation. But I cannot see how! The stark moments of disillusionment had brought with them a clarity unlike any he had ever felt. The Truth is right before your eyes, Robert.He knew not from where the epiphany came. The Grailis not mocking you, she is calling out to a worthy soul. Now, bowing down like a subject several yards in front of Leigh Teabing, Langdon lowered the cryptex to within inches of the stone floor. â€Å"Yes, Robert,† Teabing whispered, aiming the gun at him. â€Å"Set it down.† Langdon’s eyes moved heavenward, up into the gaping void of the Chapter House cupola. Crouching lower, Langdon lowered his gaze to Teabing’s gun, aimed directly at him. â€Å"I’m sorry, Leigh.† In one fluid motion, Langdon leapt up, swinging his arm skyward, launching the cryptex straight up toward the dome above. Leigh Teabing did not feel his finger pull the trigger, but the Medusa discharged with a thundering crash. Langdon’s crouched form was now vertical, almost airborne, and the bullet exploded in the floor near Langdon’s feet. Half of Teabing’s brain attempted to adjust his aim and fire again in rage, but the more powerful half dragged his eyes upward into the cupola. The keystone! Time seemed to freeze, morphing into a slow-motion dream as Teabing’s entire world became the airborne keystone. He watched it rise to the apex of its climb†¦ hovering for a moment in the void†¦ and then tumbling downward, end over end, back toward the stone floor. All of Teabing’s hopes and dreams were plummeting toward earth. It cannot strike the floor! I can reach it! Teabing’s body reacted on instinct. He released the gun and heaved himself forward, dropping his crutches as he reached out with his soft, manicured hands. Stretching his arms and fingers, he snatched the keystone from midair. Falling forward with the keystone victoriously clutched in his hand, Teabing knew he was falling too fast. With nothing to break his fall, his outstretched arms hit first, and the cryptex collided hard with the floor. There was a sickening crunch of glass within. For a full second, Teabing did not breathe. Lying there outstretched on the cold floor, staring the length of his outstretched arms at the marble cylinder in his bare palms, he implored the glass vial inside to hold. Then the acrid tang of vinegar cut the air, and Teabing felt the cool liquid flowing out through the dials onto his palm. Wild panic gripped him. NO! The vinegar was streaming now, and Teabing pictured the papyrus dissolving within. Robert, you fool! The secret is lost! Teabing felt himself sobbing uncontrollably. The Grail is gone.Everything destroyed.Shuddering in disbelief over Langdon’s actions, Teabing tried to force the cylinder apart, longing to catch a fleeting glimpse of history before it dissolved forever. To his shock, as he pulled the ends of the keystone, the cylinder separated. He gasped and peered inside. It was empty except for shards of wet glass. No dissolving papyrus. Teabing rolled over and looked up at Langdon. Sophie stood beside him, aiming the gun down at Teabing. Bewildered, Teabing looked back at the keystone and saw it. The dials were no longer at random. They spelled a five-letter word: APPLE. â€Å"The orb from which Eve partook,† Langdon said coolly,† incurring the Holy wrath of God. Original sin. The symbol of the fall of the sacred feminine.† Teabing felt the truth come crashing down on him in excruciating austerity. The orb that ought be on Newton’s tomb could be none other than the Rosy apple that fell from heaven, struck Newton on the head, and inspired his life’s work. His labor’s fruit! The Rosy flesh with a seeded womb! â€Å"Robert,† Teabing stammered, overwhelmed. â€Å"You opened it. Where†¦ is the map?† Without blinking, Langdon reached into the breast pocket of his tweed coat and carefully extracted a delicate rolled papyrus. Only a few yards from where Teabing lay, Langdon unrolled the scroll and looked at it. After a long moment, a knowing smile crossed Langdon’s face. He knows! Teabing’s heart craved that knowledge. His life’s dream was right in front of him. â€Å"Tell me!† Teabing demanded. â€Å"Please! Oh God, please! It’s not too late!† As the sound of heavy footsteps thundered down the hall toward the Chapter House, Langdon quietly rolled the papyrus and slipped it back in his pocket. â€Å"No!† Teabing cried out, trying in vain to stand. When the doors burst open, Bezu Fache entered like a bull into a ring, his feral eyes scanning, finding his target – Leigh Teabing – helpless on the floor. Exhaling in relief, Fache holstered his Manurhin sidearm and turned to Sophie. â€Å"Agent Neveu, I am relieved you and Mr. Langdon are safe. You should have come in when I asked.† The British police entered on Fache’s heels, seizing the anguished prisoner and placing him in handcuffs. Sophie seemed stunned to see Fache. â€Å"How did you find us?† Fache pointed to Teabing. â€Å"He made the mistake of showing his ID when he entered the abbey. The guards heard a police broadcast about our search for him.† â€Å"It’s in Langdon’s pocket!† Teabing was screaming like a madman. â€Å"The map to the Holy Grail!† As they hoisted Teabing and carried him out, he threw back his head and howled. â€Å"Robert! Tell me where it’s hidden!† As Teabing passed, Langdon looked him in the eye. â€Å"Only the worthy find the Grail, Leigh. You taught me that.† How to cite The Da Vinci Code Chapter 100-101, Essay examples