QA Systems in Upscale Hotels

QA Systems in Upscale Hotels Quality assurance systems are an important element of any business strategy. As Porter (1985 and 2004) suggests, quality is now seen as a major force for gaining competitive advantage, particularly with the consumer. There is no commercial activity where this is more important than in the hotel sector. As Yavas et al (1995) state, the question is no longer whether to have quality assurance programmes, but rather how to make these programmes work,  within this sector of hospitality. It can be argued that in terms of quality assurance systems delivery the hotel sector is in a distinctive position, particularly when it is related to service satisfaction (Parasuraman 1997, Schiffman and Kanuk 2000). Unlike most other industries, where customer contact and engagement during a visit might be fleeting, as happens in retail shop environment, a hotels interaction with customers can last from a few hours to several days. Furthermore, as Kandampully et al (2001, p.28) the quality of the hotel product also has to take into account the customer-to-customer interactions. Following a brief literature review, the intention of this essay is to examine quality assurance systems and evaluate the effect that these systems have upon service quality and customer satisfaction within the upscale Hotel market. Quality assurance and management within the hotel environment is focused upon satisfying the customer. Therefore, this review concentrates on the existing literature relating to customer satisfaction and the various methods and frameworks of service quality related to this focus. Academic literature relating to customer satisfaction falls within two main categories, these being the psychological perceptions of the customer and the practical ways in which customer satisfaction can be implemented to help a business achieve its objectives. In the hotel sector, this objective is to try and engender a high level of customer satisfaction in order to positively influence our customers repurchasing and communicative behaviour   (Hennig-Thurau and Hassen (2000, p.62). However, to achieve this aim the business has to understand what drives customer satisfaction. Christopher (1984), Holbrook (1999), Schiffmand and Kanuk 2000 and Brennen (2003) all agree that satisfaction is related to the consumers perception or judgement of a product experience and value when set against their expectations and the payment made. Zeithamls (1998, p.14) describes it as follows, being that   Perceived value is the consumers overall assessment of the utility of a product based on perceptions of what is received and what is given †¦ value represents a trade-off of the salient give and get components  , in other words the cost paid is measured against the value expected . Therefore, it can be suggested that the greater the service quality the higher the satisfaction (Kandampully et al. 2001, p.8) and, conversely, the higher the price the greater the perception of value. Bostepe (2007) further identifies that, within a service environment such as a hotel, consumer satisfaction does not simply rely upon the quality of service satisfaction received from business employees, although this is an essential element. The physical environment, for example the dà ©cor, bedrooms and other facilities offered, are also elements of the consumers perceived value and service satisfaction. If any of these are deemed as sub-standard, particularly when related to the price paid, this will reduce the customers enjoyment and levels of satisfaction. It follows therefore that only by concentration upon providing quality within all of these areas of the product will the business be able to assure satisfaction and encourage customer loyalty (Holbrook 1999, p.121), which Porter (1998), Parasuraman (1997) Agrawal (2000) and Harrison (2003) all agree is essential to competitive advantage. There are numerous quality assurance measurement systems and standards available for use within the business environment. Customer feedback is one such measurement. Client feedback can be achieved by two methods. The first way is to provide questionnaires that hotel guests are asked to complete before the end of their stay. The second is to rely upon externally conducted questionnaires, interviews and polls, which can be conducted on a continuous basis. However, whilst comments and responses provided by customers may act as a good testimonial for the business (Porter 1998, p.1478), these systems have their drawbacks. In addition to the fact that not all customers might respond, the design of the process itself is often flawed (Kandampully et al 2001) and can therefore be misinterpreted. For example, a simple complaints procedure would not necessarily identify areas of quality success. Secondly, these feedback processes tend to lack definition. Their use may therefore be inhibited by the fact that they do not provide management with sufficient detail to be able to locate and resolve the specific areas of the business where deficiency of service quality is occurring. Furthermore, a system of continuous surveys adds to the business administration costs and, in addition, raises the inherent issue of sampling (Visit Britain 2008 b). Evidence of these limitations can be seen in a recent survey conducted by Visit Britain (2008 a) (see figu re 1). Figure 1 Customer hotel choice determinants   Source: Visit Britain (2008 a, p.11)  Whilst it is clearly apparent from these results that customer satisfaction in related to encouraging loyalty and retention, as well as being inherently useful in turning existing customers into promotional tools for the hotel, this does not provide management with a detailed analysis of the areas where satisfaction has been achieved or denote what areas were not satisfying.  To provide detailed quality service observations therefore, a more robust quality assurance system is required and most of these are based upon variations of the Total Quality Management (TQM) system (Dotchin and Oakland 1994 and Ziethaml et al 2000). These methods are designed to assess and monitor the level of quality being maintained throughout all areas of the business process and its supply chain, from an internal as well as external viewpoint. One such variation, particularly applicable to the hotel industry, is the SERVQUAL method, which originated from the works of Parasuraman et al (1991). Kandampully et al (2001, p.68) observe that many academics and practical studies have used SERVQUAL as a true measure of customer service and that it has been extensively applied (Shahin 2005, p.4) in service based organisations. Amongst these service industries will be included the hospitality and hotel sector of the tourism industry. Despite the fact that recent researches have sought to extend the elements of quality measurement with the SERVQUAL model, fundamentally it is still based upon the level of quality assurance to be measured and gained within five key sectors of the business processes, which are: Tangibles Physical facilities, equipment and appearance of personnel. Reliability Ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately. Responsiveness Willingness to help customers and provide prompt service. Assurance (including competence, courtesy, credibility and security). Knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to inspire trust and confidence. Empathy (including access, communication, understanding the customer). Caring and individualized attention that the firm provides to its customers. Source: Sahney et al 2004 The SERVQUAL measurement can be used internally, through measurement against preset quality assurance standards such as the ISO 9001 Quality certification process (BSI 2008) and the Star Rating system operated by Visit Britain (2008) in conjunction with the Automobile Association. In this case the hotel services and processes are measured against pre-determined sets of quality criterion and monitored at least annually by those who regulate these standards. The internal quality assurance programme is also complemented by external consumer questionnaires and interview surveys. The SERVQUAL quality assurance method has been in existence for some years and is tried and tested  (Shahin 2005, p.5), making it a firm favourite within the hotel service industry, where managers are comfortable and confident with the outcomes of these measurements. An element of SERVQUAL that is considered particularly important in this respect is the fact that the system and its measurements are monitored and updated on a regular basis (Holbrook (1999), Sahney et al (2004) and Boztepe (2007)), for example annually (Shahin 2005, p.6). Both ISO 9001 and the Star Rating systems conform to these determinants. As will be seen from the following analysis, the quality assurance systems applied to the hotel in terms of both the internal industry Star Rating and external SERVQUAL systems are virtually synonymous in terms of the standards and factors they rely upon for measurement. To maintain their perception as upscale or 5 star hotels, in each of these cases the hotel will have to achieve much higher levels of standards. 4.1 Star Rating system  Although the Star Rating system is formatted in a slightly different way to SERVQUAL, the quality elements of this process are still graded in a similar manner. The main difference is the fact that there are minimum quality requirements before the hotel will even be considered for a rating. However, even these equate to the tangible element of the SERVQUAL system (figure 2).  Figure 2 Minimum entry requirements   Source (Visit Britain 2005, p.8)  Once the minimum entry requirements have been met, to assess which star level is applicable to the establishment independent inspectors will monitor five quality bands and award a quality percentage to each. These percentages determine what rating the establishment has achieved (figure 3). Figure 3 Quality bands for star rating Star rating Bands One star 30-46% Two stars 47-54% Three stars 55-69% Four Stars 70-84% Five Stars 85-100% Source: Visit Britain (2005, p.6) Furthermore, this standard of quality has to be achieved across a range of five product elements, which include cleanliness, service, food quality, bedrooms and bathrooms. Simply complying in one of the areas is not sufficient to earn the highest star. Therefore, if the hotel fails to achieve the required 85-100% standards during an annual monitoring it risks its rating being downgraded to four stars or a lower standard. For instance, in the example shown below (figure 4), despite the fact that the hotel being monitored has achieved the five star requirements in three of the five bands, its failures in the other two would demote it to a four star hotel. Figure 4 Quality bank achievement Level Standard 1 2 3 4 5 Cleanliness X Service X Food quality X Bedrooms X Bathrooms X Source: adapted from Visit Britain (2005, p.7) 4.2 SERVQUAL system  When using the SERVQUAL system, which is largely based largely upon the results of customer satisfaction surveys, although all hotels would be looking to achieve the maximum service quality satisfaction level of 100% in terms of the overall scoring, there is a significant difference in the way this would be achieved when related to the different standard of establishments. To provide an example of how this equates in practice, the following is a comparison between the SERVQUAL requirements of a 5 star hotel against lower rated hotel, such as the budget Travelodge hotel chain (figure 5). Figure 5 SERVQUAL comparisons SERVQUAL criterion 5-star hotel Travelodge Tangibility 20% 20% Reliability 20% 30% Responsiveness 20% 15% Assurance 20% 25% Empathy 20% 10% Total 100% 100% It is apparent from the above comparison that the 5-star establishment requires their quality of service to be more balanced, in other words no one area of their product should be delivering a lower quality of service than any other. However, with the budget chain, which operates on a low cost strategy that eliminates much of the human resources and food elements, these specific areas are shown to have less importance to the business, but need to be compensated by increased levels of satisfaction in other areas of quality if the business is to remain successful. What is immediately apparent from the analysis of the two quality assurance systems identified above as being used within the hotel sector is their compatibility. This not only applies to the systems per se, but also to the measurement of the results. In both cases an upscale hotel would need to achieve a balanced score with high ratings in all of the quality determinants if it is to maintain its market position and be perceived by the potential customer as a quality (5 star) hotel. Conversely, the lower quality hotels pay less attention to those areas of the standards that are more directly related to the quality of service provided by their human resources, relying instead upon other elements to satisfy customer quality perception, such as low cost (Porter 2004). Whilst it could therefore be stated in simple terms that quality assurance is related to the price being paid for the product, what research such as that conducted by Shahin (2006), Ziethaml et al (1990) and Holbrook (1999), and the fact that all hotels, irrespective of their standards, operate quality assurance systems, shows is that price is simply one element required to fulfil customer satisfaction needs. Whatever price is being charged for the hotel product the customer will still weigh the experience received against the value they expect from the product enjoyed at that price (Zeithaml 1988 and Parasuraman et at 1994). A customer who decides to spend a greater amount of his or her disposable income on arranging to stay in a 5-star hotel will have a much greater value expectation than one who chooses a budget hotel stay. The former will expect the service quality to exist in all aspects of the hotel product. This includes the dà ©cor and the ambiance of the environment, the facilities that are being offered, including meals and room service, and the performance of the hotels human resources. If these quality expectations are not met that customer will perceive that they have not received value for money and therefore will view the experience as less than satisfactory. Therefore, they will be unlikely to promote the hotel in a positive manner to others or re-use it. It is apparent that in the case of an upscale or5-star hotel the combination of the industry Star Rating and SERVQUAL quality assurance systems will have a significant impact upon their service quality and the level of customer satisfaction achieved from using the product. In terms of the Star Rating system, the higher the star rating the greater the expectation of the customer in terms of their perception of the quality that will be found in this establishment. Therefore, the five star establishments are likely to attract customers who wish to avail themselves of the higher quality experience.   With regard to the external SERVQUAL system of measurement, because these are results from customer experiences, the greater the levels of quality achieved in the areas measured, the more likely it is that customers will be retained and act as recommenders to other potential customers. In both cases therefore, it can be concluded that the quality assurance system is designed to achieve competitive advantage by attracting additional market share, thus improving the hotels revenue and profitability levels. Agrawal (2000). Managing service industries in the new millennium: Evidence is everything. Paper presented at the AIMS Convention on Service Management  Berry L L and Parasuraman, A (1991). Marketing Services: Competing Through Quality,  Free Press. New York, US  Boztepe, Suzan (2007). User Value: Competing theories and models.  International Journal of Design,  Vol. 1, Issue. 2, pp.55-63.  Brennan, Ross (2003). Value in Marketing: Confusion or Illumination? Available from: http://mubs.mdx.ac.uk/Research/Discussion_Papers/  Marketing/dpap%20marketing%20no25.pdf (Accessed 22 December 2008)  BSI (2008). ISO 9001Quality. Available from: http://www.bsi-global.com/en/Assessment-and-certification-services  /management-systems/Standards-and-Schemes/ISO-9001/ (Accessed 22 December 2008)  Chetwynd, Catherine and Knight, Jenny (2007). Time to capitalise on falling hotel occupancy.  The Times. London, UK.  Christopher, M. (1996). From brand values to customer value.  J ournal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science,  Vol. 2, Issue.2, pp.55-66.  Dotchin, J.A and Oakland, J.S (1994). Total Quality Management in Services: Part 3: Distinguishing perceptions of Service Quality.  International Journal of Quality reliability Management, Vol. 11, Issue. 4, pp.6-28  Gale, B. T. (1994). Managing customer value. Free Press. New York, US.  Harrison, Jeffrey S (2003). Strategic Management: Of Resources and Relationship.  John Wiley Sons Inc.  New York, US.  Hennig-Thurau, Thorsten and Hansen, Ursula (eds) (2000). Relationship Marketing: Gaining Competitive Advantage Through Customer Satisfaction and Customer Retention.  Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidleberg. New York, US.  Holbrook, M. B. (Ed.). (1999). Consumer value: A framework for analysis and research.  Routledge. New York, US.  Kandampully, Jay., Mox, Connie and Sparks, Beverley (2001). Service Quality Management in Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure.  Haworth Press. New Yo rk, US.  Kotler P (1999). Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and Control (Millennium ed.) Englewood Cliffs, N J;  Prentice-Hall, 279-317.  Parasuraman, A. (1997). Reflections on gaining competitive advantage through customer value. Academy of Marketing Science, 25(2), 154-161.  Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. and Berry, L.L. (1991), Refinement and reassessment of the SERVQUAL scale.  Journal of Retailing, Vol. 67, pp. 420-450.  Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. and Berry, L.L. (1993), Research note: more on improving service quality measurement,  Journal of Retailing, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 140-147.  Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. and Berry, L.L. (1994), Reassessment of expectations as a comparison standard in measuring service quality: implications for future research,  Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58, pp. 111-124.  Porter, M. E. (1998). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance.  Free Press. New York, US  Porter, M .E (2004). Competitive Advantage. Techniques for Analysing Industries and Competitors.  Free Press.  New York, US  Sahney, S., Banwet, D.K., and Karunes, S. (2004), A SERVQUAL and QFD approach to total quality education: A student perspective,  International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol.53, No.2, pp. 143-166.  Schiffman, L g and L L Kanuk (2000). Consumer Behaviour.  FT Prentice Hall, New Jersey, US.  Shahin, Dr. Arash (2005). SERVQUAL and Models of Service Quality Gaps: A Framework for Determining and Prioritizing Critical Factors in Delivering Quality Systems. Available:  Visit Britain (2008 a). UK Market Profile 2007. Available from: http://www.tourismtrade.org.uk/  Images/UK_DMarketing_tcm12-22850.pdf (Accessed 21 December 2008)  Visit Britain (2008 b). Britain Inbound: Overall Market Profile. Available from: http://www.tourismtrade.org.uk/Images/Inbound  FINAL_2008_%20BritInbound3F_tcm12-40935.pdf (Accessed 21 December 2008)  V isit London (2005). Hotel Accommodation; Quality Standards. Available from: http://www.qualityintourism.com/content/pdfs/Standards/  Hotel%20Standard%20INT.pdf (Accessed 21 December 2008)  Yavas, U., Yasin, M and Wafa, m (1995). Front and back-stage strategies in service delivery in the hospitality industry: a conceptual framework.  Market Intelligence Planning.  Vol. 13, Issue, 11, pp.22-26  Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: A means-end model and synthesis of evidence. Journal of Marketin,, Vol. 52, Issue. 3, pp.2-22  Zeithaml, V.A., Parasuraman, A. and Berry, L.L. (1990),  Delivering quality service; Balancing customer perceptions and expectations.  The Free Press, New York, NY.

An Introduction to Adolescent Depression and Suicide

Teenage angst is often referred to normal during that an unfortunate phase called adolescence through which many parents hope their children will emerge unscathed, and suffer through it with a philosophical attitude.Many incidents of unreasoning anger, social withdrawal, apathy and refusal to communicate are taken as signs of this phase and no more. However, these behaviors have also been identified as signs of adolescent depression, and those who are at-risk may very well be diagnosed with this condition. Parents would be well advised to eye such incidents with some attention, especially if it occurs over a prolonged period of time.True adolescent depression is made more difficult to diagnose this is the rebellious phase of teenagers, a time when they are most difficult to communicate with.This period of development is marked with transient period of depression-like signs such as sadness and loss of self-worth due to the normal process of maturation and its concurrent stresses, such as sexual development and conflicts with authority figures such as parents.Other stressful events, such as a romantic break-up or death in a family may be difficult for some teenagers, especially those with low self-esteem to cope with. When the behavior is persistent, this could already a depressive disorder (â€Å"Adolescent depression,† 2005).Adolescent depression is thought to affect up to 5% of children between the ages of 9 and 17, although as much as 15% exhibit some symptoms of depression at any given time. The condition affects the functionality of the adolescent that becomes apparent in poor performance in school, deteriorating social interactions, and hostile family relationships and may eventually lead to suicide.Many of those affected are seldom diagnosed and treated properly, and some experience depression before the age of seven. Major adolescent depressive disorder, the most severe degree of the condition is diagnosed similar to the criteria for major depress ive disorder in adults (Bhatia and Bhatia, 2007).There are many conditions for which adolescent depression can become a long-term problem, including depression in adult life and suicide. Some adolescents begin their depressive periods in early childhood, which becomes worse as the stress of life becomes more intense.It would be of paramount importance, therefore, to be able to distinguish between a teenager â€Å"acting out† and true adolescent depression. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of adolescent depression, its symptoms and diagnosis, treatment and the risk of suicide associated with it.MethodologyScholarly articles detailing the known symptoms, risk factors, statistics and treatment protocols for adolescent depression and associated suicide were included in this paper to condense the information about the condition.These include articles from the American Family Physician, a peer reviewed journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians because adolescent depression is mostly a problem that beset families and are best solved at this societal level.Articles from the New England Journal of Medicine, American Journal of Psychiatry and the University of Pennsylvania Health System were also included to support the findings, as well as current event articles on depression screening in schools and the interaction of sexual activity and depression.Studies on the suicide rates associated with adolescent depression were taken from the British Medical Journal and American Journal of Psychiatry.A public health survey conducted by the Washington County Department of Public Health and Environment on teenagers was also included to provide a subjective perspective of adolescent depression and concepts of suicide.There is also the issue regarding the efficacy of current treatment methods for adolescent depression, elucidated with reports from Stanford University, The British Journal of Psychiatry and a reprinted article in Pediatric Nursin g.Results survey of teenagers on adolescent depression and suicideIn 2000, the Washington County Department of Public Health and Environment conducted two surveys designed by the Youth Risk Behavior (YRB) Endowment Advisory Committee to identify discover the main points to cover for managing depression, suicide and overall mental health of teenagers in Washington County.Of the 17,726 teens in the area, 1,875 adolescents in grades 7-12 responded to two surveys, namely survey 1 â€Å"Depression & Suicide: How Can We Make A Difference† and survey 2 â€Å"Communities For Teen Health†.In the first survey, 87% of the respondents believe that depression and suicidal thoughts are a big problem among teens today.When asked what kind of information they believed would benefit at-risk teens, 85% believed parents should be able to recognize signs of depression in their children and to take it as a serious matter while 81% maintained teens should be able to talk to friends about ho w they are feeling.Many (74% and 73% respectively) believed it was important for teens to be able to recognize if they are depressed and if others are depressed and to know where to go if they suspect they or others suffer from depression. Ninety-three percent of respondents believed guest speakers, motivational or other teens that have gone through depression and suicidal thoughts would be the best source of this information followed by television at 60% and caring adult at 54%.Having open communication, acquiring better understanding and reducing the amount of stress were the top answers for what adults and other teens can do to influence mental health of the youth.For the second survey, which investigated the involvement of the community in this condition, 31% of the respondents believed education was the venue most utilized for addressing the problem. Someone to talk to and friends tied at 26% for the best way depressed teens can be helped while 80% believed better awareness for parents and teachers was crucial.Twenty-one percent of the respondents believed more money should be spent on more education while 19% thought money would be well spent on media (â€Å"Adolescent depression & suicide opinion survey,† 2001).Symptoms and signsâ€Å"Major depressive episodes for adults and adolescents are similar in criteria†. Over a two-week period, comparative tabulation of the major symptoms is provided (Bhatia and Bhatia, 2007).

Want to Know More About Essay Writing Topics for College Students?

Want to Know More About Essay Writing Topics for College Students? School should happen in the evenings. Additionally, many students feel a great deal of pressure, of family and friends, peer pressure along with academic pressure making them cheat. Many students think that it is a waste of time. College and university students may find assist. Essay Writing Topics for College Students - Dead or Alive? Students are accustomed to the fact which their professors give them with the assignment's topic. They should be allowed to pray in school. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. College students, on the flip side, may have to create a portfolio showcasing the very best work they've done, which is common in art and teaching majors. For that reason, it's important to be certain your high school entrance essay is well organized. Even when you're not at the peak of your class, writing about what motivates and drives you'll show admissions officers that you're prepared to work hard to achieve what you desire. There is additionally the student's which don't study since they don't understand the work and wind up frustrated and upset. For example, a student graduating from sixth grade may have to create a portfolio featuring their preferred projects and assignments from the calendar year, and any tests or exams they were proud of. Use persuasive writing to produce your essay case, but don't forget you're also selling yourself. When it's an online writing portfolio, you ought to upload the documents rather than putting them in a binder. Look back over your annotated text and pick out the portions that you want to have in your essay. If you're sending the exact same essay to numerous schools, the cover letter is a chance to tailor the essay to the institution to which you're applying. Life After Essay Writing Topics for College Students The perfect way to summarize an essay is to start with reading it through a very first time quickly. The technical essay is designed to explore a technical or scientific subject, to describe how to carry out a distinct technical endeavor, or to argue for a specific process of doing something. Otherwise, your portfolio essay might be a bit unorganized. Outlining your essay is an excellent means to organize your ideas and flesh out your essay topic. There's, clearly, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. The secret is to understand each paragraph as an individual idea. Jot down all you know about this issue in a brief list. The very first step of writing a fantastic reflective essay is picking a topic, so choose wisely! Normally, you are going to want to pick 1 method for each bit of expository writing. If at all possible, have another person look over your paper too. An exploratory paper is not uncommon in businesses when they're trying to come across a remedy to an issue and will need to receive all of the feasible perspectives and data available. In the very first reading you need to acquire the overall notion of the essay. Nobody really wishes to compose an essay. Before you begin, there are a couple of things you have to know about writing an essay. If you're stuck on the best way to compose an example essay, you can adhere to a few easy actions to dig yourself out of the rut and compose an example essay that you're able to be pleased with.

The Founding Fathers Of The Constitution - 1552 Words

In our society today, we have a government that was made the founding fathers of the constitution. The founding fathers created the way, our government is by making the constitution. As a society, individuals give up rights in order to feel safe and not have one branch of government to control our government. This is why the framers created the bill of rights, so that individuals would have their rights protected. Did the bill of rights always protect the rights given to the people? During times of crises, individuals lose or are limited in the powers that were given to the people of any country. The Unites States was no exception. The framers during the late 1790S were in fear of the French influence on our newly founded nation. With the fear of influence of outside forces, our government passed the sedition act in 1798. The sedition act limited our first and tenth amendment rights and gave our government more discretion to label individuals criminals. Is it right for our government to restrict our individual rights for the safety of the whole nation? In this essay, I will argue how the sedition act of 1798 was unconstitutional and how it violated our amendment rights. I will also take a look at how the sedition act came to be and why the government and president during that time agreed with the law. Does our government always have the best interest of the nation, or is it self-interest? To understand the sedition act, we need to take a look take a look at the 1790’s.Show MoreRelatedThe Founding Fathers Of Our Constitution Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pages In order to ensure that Fundamental Rights did not remain empty provisions, the founding fathers of our Constitution have made various provisions in the Constitution to maintain an independent judiciary. 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